Callan Stage 8 Lesson 114 on pages 719-721 we review previous lesson and then we proceed to the next lesson

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	VOCABULARIES: -scorn　蔑み -worthy　 -respect　 -term　 -worship　礼拝 GRAMMAR: *TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS* The difference between the verbs "to raise" and "to rise" is that the verb "to raise" is transitive, that is, the action of the verb passes from the subject, through the verb, to the object For example, "I (subject) am raising (verb) the book (object)." Whereas, the verb "to rise" is intransitive, which means that the action of the verb finishes with itself and does not pass to an object For example, "I am rising (from the chair)." SENTENCE STRUCTURED: -The difference between a transitive and an intransitive verb is that, with a transitive verb, the action passes from the subject, through the verb, to the object; whereas, with an intransitive verb, the action of the verb finishes with itself and does not pass to an object. -I eat my dinner. -The pupil lays his hand. -I want to drink beer. -I lie on the bed. -The sun rises. -I stand. -I shout. -Scorn is a feeling that somebody or something is not worthy of our respect. -We are in the first school term at the moment. -People go to worship in a church or a temple.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	719-721

Callan Stage 8,lesson 114 pages 718-720

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	SENTENCE STRUCTURES: Yes, when a shop lowers the prices of its goods,I think it makes more profit. Another word we can use instead of "lift" is "raise" When a pupil raises his hand in the air during the lesson it generally means he wishes to be excused, that is, to leave the room; or is asking for permission to speak When a child wishes to leave the room,he says "Please teacher, may I leave the room ?" An adult says "I wonder if I might be excused for a moment please ?" I think children are more expensive to raise than race-horses. If I were a great man,the kind of monument I'd like would be my own self and I'd like them to have in my hometown. The difference betweeb intansitive and transitive verb is that, with a transitive verb, the action passes from the subject, through the verb, to the object; whereas, with an intransitive verb, the action of the verb finishes with itself and does not pass to an object. The difference between to raise and to rise is that "to raise" is transitive and "to rise" is intransitive &"to rise" is intransitive I raise my hand& The sun rises. VOCABULARY WORDS: RAISE TO BE EXCUSED MONUMENT HONOUR TRANSITIVE VERB　他動詞 INTRANSITIVE VERB　自動詞 GRAMMAR: The difference between the verbs "to raise" and "to rise" is that the verb "to raise" is transitive, that is, the action of the verb passes from the subject, through the verb, to the object For example, "I (subject) am raising (verb) the book (object)." *Whereas, the verb "to rise" is intransitive, which means that the action of the verb finishes with itself and does not pass to an object For example, "I am rising (from the chair)."
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan book
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	pages 718-720

Callan Stage 8, page 716

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	VOCABULARY WORDS: DICTATION RELIGIOUS DECLARE　宣言する = state RED-HANDED 現行犯で INNOCENT UPPER MIDDLE LOWER SOCIETY CLASS ARISTOCRACY 貴族政治 INDUSTRIALIST　実業家 SENTENCE STRUCTURED: IF YOU WERE CAUGHT RED-HANDED STEALING SOMETHING, WOULD YOU DECLARE YOURSELF INNOCENT BEFORE THE JUDGE WHEN YOU APPEARED IN THE LAW COURT FOR YOUR TRIAL ?  Answer: Yes, if I were... WHEN WAS THE LAST TIME YOUR COUNTRY DECLARED WAR ON ANOTHER COUNTRY ?  Answer: The last time my ... was in 1941. DO YOU ALWAYS THINK IT'S WISE TO DECLARE YOUR FUTURE PLANS TO OTHER PEOPLE ?  Answer:No, I don't think it's wise to declare my future plans to other people. WHAT DO WE CALL THE THREE CLASSES INTO WHICH MANY SOCIETIES IN THE WORLD ARE DIVIDED ?  Answer:We call the three ... divided - the upper... middle ... lower... WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE ARE EACH OF THE CLASSES COMPOSED OF ?  Answer:The upper... the rich, the aristocracy, the industrialists ... middle ... professional people ... lawyers, doctors, teachers... lower ... factory workers and farm workers ... WHICH OF THE CLASSES DO YOU THINK ARE THE HAPPIEST ?  Answer:I think the upper classes are the happiest.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	page 716

Many societies in the world are divided in some form or other into three main classes -

the upper classes, the middle classes, and the lower classes. The kind of people who

belong to the upper classes are the rich, the aristocracy, the industrialists etc; those that

form the middle classes are the professional people such as lawyers, doctors, teachers,

etc.; and those that form the lower classes are the factory workers and farm workers,

etc. Classes might be called by different names in different societies throughout the

world, and at various times in history, but upper, middle and lower are the basic

divisions.

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 113 pages 713-716

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	SENTENCE STRUCTURE  When a Relative follows a preposition it can be dropped and the preposition put at the end of the sentence. In such cases, the Relative pronoun which and whom, if we decide not to drop them in a sentence are changed to "that" and "who". The police use dogs when they are searching a criminal because a dog has a strong sense of smell. I think a person should try to change it. The walls support the ceiling. VOCABULARY  SEARCH SATISFIED ACCEPT SUPPORT WATCH ONE'S STEP
レッスンで利用した教材	pdf
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	713-716

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A RELATIVE PRONOUN FOLLOWS A PREPOSITION ?

IN SUCH CASES, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS "WHICH" AND "WHOM", 

THAT IS, IF WE DECIDE NOT TO DROP THEM FROM THE SENTENCE?

WHY DO THE POLICE USE DOGS WHEN THEY ARE SEARCHING FOR A CRIMINAL ?

WHY IS A FARMER NEVER SATISFIED WITH THE WEATHER?

DO YOU THINK A PERSON SHOULD ACCEPT LIFE AS IT IS OR TRY TO CHANGE IT?

WHICH KIND OF PERSON DO YOU THINK'S HAPPIER?

DO YOU SUPPORT YOUR HOME TOWN AT FOOTBALL ?

WATCH ONE'S STEP = Be careful

Forgetting that the door way is low, I received a sever blow on my head, as I went through it.

Children are taught they should respect their elders.

People are not usually good at drawing straight lines without a help of ruler.

Henry VIII is considered one of the cruellest figures in English history.

He lived in a period when people were burned alive further political and opinions.

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 113 on page 709 please start with ''RELATIVE PRONOUNS''

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	GRAMMAR: RELATIVE PRONOUNS 　関係代名詞 VOCABULARY: •STAND FOR  •ANTECEDENT  先行する •OTHERWISE  •RELATE  SENTENCE STRUCTURES: •Relative Pronoun is a word we use instead of a noun and which we use to join two sentences together  •This the book which I bought yesterday.  •The noun for which the Relative Pronoun stands is called the antecedent  •We put the Relative Pronoun in relation to its antecedent as near as possible to its antecedent
レッスンで利用した教材	CALLAN STAGE 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	709-713

"That is the man who gave me the book"

who = and , man

This the book which I bought yesterday.

The woman knows John, whom I met"

"The woman whom I met knows John

That

people, animals and things

What

antecedent that is not expressed

Which

animals and things.

Who, Whom

for people.

Whose

people and animals.

This is the car that took me to London     .

This is the car (that) I took to London,

"which" and "whom"

"that" and "who".-----

This is the office in which I worked,

This is the office (that) I worked in:

This is the man to whom I spoke. <= 使わない

This is the man (who) I spoke to.

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 113 on pages 707-709

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	VOCABULARIES: -climb -account = a story, a money account  EXPLANATION: *We also use the word "board" with the idea of a table, with the meaning of food. When, for example, we pay to eat and sleep at a private house, we say that we pay for board and lodgings, that is, food and bed.  SENTENCE STRUCTURED: -It's raining today. -I ate some bread and noodles during my dinner. -After the lesson, I will take a bath then go to bed. -If you go on board ship to say goodbye to a friend and you remain on board after the ship has left port when you arrive at the foreign port, you aren't allowed to get off the ship, but are sent immediately back to where you came from. -By "board and lodgings" we pay to eat and sleep at a private house. -I'd say the profession in which it was the most difficult to climb to the top, and stay there was the profession of being a doctor. -Because being a doctor, you need to study a lot of things. -If I climbed to the top of the building, I'd see other buildings, sky and beautiful scenery. -The word "account" as a noun means a story, or a money account. -Yesterday, I went to work, returned home, eat dinner, watch TV and then went to bed. -The last film I saw was Lincoln. It was about the freedom of the black people and the war in America. -Yes, I have a bank account. -Yes, I've an account at some shop. -Yes, I keep an account of all the money I spend.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	707-709

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 112 we continue ''EXERCISE 43, item # 7-13'' and Lesson 113 on pages 706-708

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	VOCABULARIES: -board -director -deck -port -get off -private -lodgings -floorboard -notice-board -blackboard  EXERCISE 43: 7) Another name for these tenses is the Duration Form.  8) The Ordinary Progressive Tense we use when we only wish to express a continuous action, whilst the Perfect Progressive Tense we use when we wish to add how long the action has been in progress. FOR EXAMPLE: -I am speaking English now. -I've been speaking English for an hour. 9) We use the Perfect Progressive Tense for an action that began in the past and is still in progress, and when we wish to say how long the action has been in progress. 10) I have been studying English for 10 years. -I have been studying English since junior high school. 12) Generally speaking, we use the word "earth" in the astronomical sense, and "world" in the geographical sense.  13) A Tail Question is formed by repeating the auxiliary verb in the main part of the sentence. For example: You are an English teacher, aren't you?  EXPLANATION: *The basic meaning of the word "board" is a wide, flat piece of wood. From it we get "floorboard: notice-board: blackboard" etc. *We can also use the word "board" with the idea of a table, and from it we get, for example, "a board of directors", that is, a group of directors who control a company or some such organization, and, as they usually meet round a table, we call their meeting a "board meeting". *We also use "board" for the deck of a ship, and when we go onto a ship, we say we go "on board ship".  SENTENCE STRUCTURED: -I had my haircut yesterday. -I stayed there for 1 hour and a half. -I ate my dinner in a sushi restaurant with my wife. -We also use "board" for the deck of a ship, and when we go onto a ship, we say we go "on board ship". -Some examples of what we get from the word ''board'' are floorboard, notice-board and blackboard etc. -We use a notice-board for putting notices on. It is a quick and easy way of giving news and information to everybody. -By a ''board of directors'' we mean a group of directors who control a company or some such organization. -By a ''board meeting'' we mean a meeting of company directors round a table. -If you go on board ship to say goodbye to a friend and you remain on board after the ship has left port when you arrive at the foreign port, you aren't allowed to get off the ship, but are sent immediately back to where you came from.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	706-708

Callan stage 8 lesson 112 pages 705-706

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	SENTENCE STRUCTURES:  If I went into business,I'd prefer to have a partner. No,we do not need to use the word "that" when we use Indirect Speech. Yes,it is correct. Let me choose;choose;let him choose;let her choose;let it choose;let us choose;let them choose. "To overeat" means to eat excessively. If we invite someone to our house,we are the host and he,or she,is the guest. We form the Past,Present and Future Perfect Progressive Tenses by using the verb "to have" with the word "been" and the partciple of the main verb.For,example, "I had been working for two hours when he came yesterday"-"I have been working for two hours until now"-and"I shall have been working for two hours when he comes tomorrow." VOCABULARY WORD:  PARTNER  IDIOM 15:PUT ONE'S FOOT DOWN=to be very determined in stopping something. to tell someone in a strong way that they must do something or that they must stop doing something You can't just let him do what he wants, you'll have to put your foot down.           When Anna came home drunk one afternoon I decided it was time to put my foot down.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan book
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	pages 705-706

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 112 on page 703 please start with this question ''ABOUT HOW LONG DO YOU THINK IT'LL TAKE YOU TO FINISH THIS BOOK IF YOU KEEP WORKING STEADILY?''

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	GRAMMAR: •PLURAL OF NOUNS ENDING IN "F" OR "FE"  VOCABULARY: •LEAF  •LOAF  •SHELF  CLIFF•  •WOODS  •DEER  •PLOUGH  鋤（すき） •SCOLD  SENTENCE STRUCTURES: •There are a lot of deers here in Narra city  •Deer mostly live in the woods
レッスンで利用した教材	DICTATION 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	703

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 112 on pages 701-703

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	VOCABULARIES: -break out -wage -salary -payment -profession -non-professional -steady -actor -artist -seasonal -waiter -seaside -to change one's mind -painter -pianist -surgeon  GRAMMAR AND EXPLANATION: *We use the words "wages" and "salary" for the payment received for work done; but the difference between "wages" and "salary" is that we generally use the word　"wages" for payment received each week and for work which is non-professional;　whilst "salary" we generally use for payment received each month and usually for work which is professional.  SENTENCE STRUCTURED: -If another world war broke out, I'd run and go to foreign countries. -We generally use the word "wages" for payment received each week, and for work which is non-professional; whilst we use the word "salary" for payment received each month and usually for work which is professional. -The kind of people don't earn a steady wage or salary are such people as actors, writers, different kinds of artists, and people who do seasonal work, such as waiters who work at the seaside during the summer. -When we say that someone's a steady person, we usually mean that we can believe what he says, that he does what he says he will do and doesn't keep changing his mind. -The kind of jobs for which we need a steady hand are those of a painter, pianist, watch-repairer, surgeon etc.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	701-703

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 112 on page 701 please start with this question ''WHO ARE YOUR HEROES, BOTH PAST AND PRESENT?''

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	VOCABULARY:•DISH  •A PLATE  •ANIME  •HEROES  SENTENCE STRUCTURES: •My heroes Doraemon and Prime Minister Abe  •My favorite anime is Evangelion  •I will go to the library later.  •I have no plans for today.
レッスンで利用した教材	CALLAN STAGE 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	701-705

We put food on the dish on the table and get food from the dish to our plates.
We don't eat food from the dish but from our plates.

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 112 on pages 699-701

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	VOCABULARIES: *NOUNS:* 1.Hero - Heroes 2.Bus - Buses 3.Fox - Foxes 4.Lady - Ladies 5.Size - Sizes 6.Church - Churches 7.Dish - Dishes *VERBS:* 1.Do - Does 2.Kiss - Kisses 3.Box - Boxes 4.Fly - Flies 5.Seize - Seizes 6.Preach - Preaches 7.Rush - Rushes  GRAMMAR: *As with most things in the study of a language, it is often better to learn through practice and the observation of particular cases rather than from a general rule.  SENTENCE STRUCTURED: -The weather is fine. -I ate in a fast food restaurant during my dinner. -My wife is still at work, but maybe she will go home soon. -No, I don't prefer to see a man kisses a woman's hand rather than shake hands with her. -Yes, I think boys ought to be taught to box at school. -Because it can help to protect ourselves and as a self-defense too. -When members of the general public see a criminal seizes a woman's handbag in the street some run after the criminal or shout for help, but most people just stand and look too surprised without doing anything. -By the evening "rush-hour" in a large city we mean that time of evening (usually between five and seven) when all the shops, banks, offices etc, shut and everybody rushes home from work.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	699-701

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 111 pages 698-699

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	DICTATION 60:  The court was deadly silent as the judge sentenced the criminal to life in prison. One of the best things for a headache is to lie down and relax. He always confuses the meaning of the word "rough" and "smooth".: When judging any things, we should always try to look under the surface of things and see things as they really are. The man was charged with commiting one of the most serious crimes that any one can commit, and it was quite clear right from the beginning that he was guilty.: If you invited me to your house, I'd be your guest whilst you'd be my host. There's no misspelled words.Keep it up Mr.Masaki!  VOCABULARY WORDS:  KISS SEIZE RUSH HERO FOX DISH VALLEY OBSERVATION FOR FOX-HUNTING SERVE HANDBAG PAST  GRAMMAR:  Generally speaking, when a word ends in one of the letters - o s x y z (or ze) ch or sh -that is,a word that ends in one of the sounds -o s ks i z ts or sh - we form its plural, if it is a noun, and its third person singular of the Present Tense, if it is a verb, by adding the letters "es" to it.For example,"one potato - two potatoes: 1 go, you go, he goes".(The word piano is an exception: we say "one piano -two pianos".) Words ending in "ze", of course, just add an "s".
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan book
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	pages 698-699

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 111 pages 697-698

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	SENTENCE STRUCTURES:  I like to see a room furnished with a sofa. Yes, I think that human beings sometimes behave worse than animals. The artificial parts of the body which science provide us nowadays are arms, legs, teeth, hair. The idiom "pull someone's leg" mean not telling a person the truth, just for a laugh or for amusement. After all these years of knowing him, I still don't know when he's serious and when he's just pulling my leg. VOCABULARY WORDS:  FURNISH FURNITURE HUMAN BEING ARTIFICIAL  IDIOM 14:PULL SOMEONE'S LEG:  not to tell a person the truth,just for a laugh or for amusement.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan book
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	pages 697-698

 If you pull someone's leg, you play a joke on them by saying something that isn't true.
Joe was just pulling your leg when he said he was going spaghetti picking. Spaghetti doesn't really grow on trees, Sally.

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 111 page 695 start with "FACE - POWDER"

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	Vocabulary : •FACE - POWDER  •STAMP  •MEETING  •FOOTBALL MATCH  •RED CROSS  •PRETEND  •CENTRE = center Sentence Structures: •Yes, I collect some movie flyers.  •The difference between dust and powder is that "dust" is what collects on objects, whilst "powder" is something that is made.  •The kind of occasions on which people collect together in large numbers are concerts and political meetings.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	695-637

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 111 page 694 start with "REGULAR"

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	Vocabulary : •REGULAR  •SOMETHING ABOUT  •DUST  •POWDER  •COLLECT  •GUNPOWDER  Sentence Structures: •Yes, I'd say that regular life was better than an irregular life  •I live in a regular life.  •Yes, a dentist can do something in an irregular teeth.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	693-694

BLOW UP
DUST POWDER COLLECT GUNPOWDER
FACE - POWDER STAMP MEETING
FOOTBALL MATCH RED CROSS PRETEND

Callan Stage 8 Lesson 111 page 691 - 694

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	*VOCABULARY* -due -due to -grandfather -great-grandfather -grandmother -great-grandmother -mostly -discuss-discussion -argue-argument -quarrel -examine -reason *SENTENCE STRUCTURE* -If I don't pay my electricity bill when it is due they come and cut the electricity off.  -Trains don't always arrive when they are due because of bad weather or accidents etc.  -When a man is rich, I think it's due to the fact that he's more intelligent than most other men.  -The people in my country are mostly tea - drinkers.  -People argue because some people always disagree with everything other people say. It is often in their nature to do so. Other people like to give their opinion on every single matter. Others like to learn by argument etc. *GRAMMAR* -We call our grandfather's father is great-grandfather.  -The difference to discuss, to argue and to quarrel to discuss means we wish to examine a particular subject to argue means we don't agree, a quarrel is definitely unpleasant.  -People quarrel, basically perhaps, because they do not like the other person or his opinions.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 8 pdf
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	691 - 694

Trains don't always arrive when they are due because of bad weather or accidents etc.
When a man is rich, I think it's due to the fact that he's more intelligent than most other men.

DO YOU THINK THAT PASSING EXAMS IS MOSTLY A QUESTION OF LUCK ?

To discuss something usually means that we wish to examine a particular subject
In a discussion people may perhaps disagree with each other, but the discussion seldom becomes unpleasant.
When we argue with someone, it means that we don't agree with what they say, and often the argument can become a little unpleasant.
A quarrel, on the other hand, is definitely unpleasant, and can finish with both sides shouting at each other.
Therefore, we could say that two people could begin by quietly discussing a subject, the discussion could then develop into an argument, and the argument could finish in a quarrel.
People argue because some people always disagree with everything other people say. It is often in their nature to do so. Other people like to give their opinion on every single matter. Others like to learn by argument etc.
People quarrel, basically perhaps, because they do not like the other person or his opinions.
Another meaning of the verb "to argue" is "to reason". For example, "He argues that he had not done the job, because he had not had sufficient time", or, His argument for not having done the job was that he had not had sufficient time".
I argue to return home early because I feel bad.