Callan Stage 7 Lesson 108 page 675 - 677

レッスンで出てきた文法・単語	*VOCABULARY* -wave goodbye -say goodbye -distance -wavy -recommend *SENTENCE STRUCTURE* -When the branch of a tree when it waves too much in the wind it breaks and falls to the ground.  -We wave our hands when we say goodbye to someone at the station, or when we want somebody to notice us from a distance.  -No, I don't like to travel by boat when the waves of the sea are very high. *GRAMMAR* -The difference between these two sentences the first sentence means I have other uncles who are very old the second sentence means I have only two uncles, who are very cold.  -We use commas in Non-Defining Clauses.
レッスンで利用した教材	Callan Stage 7 pdf
レッスンで利用した教材のページ数	675 - 677

In the first sentence, the clause "which I gave you" is essential to the meaning of the sentence; whilst in the second sentence, the clause "which is the capital of France" is not essential information about Paris.

The man who lives next door is no friend of mine.
Richard, who is my best friend, went to Ireland last year.

Here is the pupil whose book I borrowed.
Miss Jones, whose car was stolen last week, works in the same office as myself.

This is the place where I was born.
Hamburg, where I used to live as a bov is in the North of Germany.

With a Defining Clause, we do not use any commas, whereas a Non-Defining Clause we put between two commas, as it is additional information.Commas, of course, are very important, as they can change the meaning of a sentence.
She has two brothers who are farmers" - which means she has other brothers who are not farmers.
She has two brothers, who are farmers" - which means that she has only two brothers.


When the branch of a tree when it waves too much in the wind it breaks and falls to the ground.
We wave our hands when we say goodbye to someone at the station, or when we want somebody to notice us from a distance.